Early studies:
London Transportation: The Cohort Studies (1947-1972)
The annual rate of CHD for drivers was 2.7 per 1,000, and 1.9 per 1,000 for conductors.More important, the disease is not so severe in physically active workers, tending to present first in them as angina pectoris and other relatively benign forms, and to have a smaller early case-fatality and a lower early mortality-rate.”
http://www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/study-synopsis/london-transport-workers-study/
Possible confounders:
sleep and stress: http://archives.sethroberts.net/blog/2009/09/28/exercise-and-its-confounds-the-london-bus-study/
Weaknesses of the study were based on the characteristics of the cohort at entry, thus early selection into active occupations, and selection out with age and illness. Employees of the London Transport Executive also could retire early if they developed CHD, making follow-up after an initial coronary incident difficult
Paffenbarger: Harvard Alumni Study
In the 1993 survey, 2,135 subjects had experienced coronary heart disease (87.1% response rate). In this analysis, the researchers found increased physical activity level was associated with lower coronary heart disease risk when considered singly (RR for those who burned more than 8400 kilojoules per week= 0.73, 95% CI= 0.63-0.84, p <.001). [2] When considered along with age, BMI, alcohol intake, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status and early parental death, higher levels of physical activity were also apparently protective (RR for those who burn more than 4200 kilojoules per week= 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71-0.92, p= .003) [2].
http://www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/study-synopsis/harvard-alumni-study/
All cause mortality and dose response of exercise:
http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/accj/64/5/472.full.pdf
With respect to maximal aerobic capacity:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1108396
Large Cross-Sectional Studies
The Evil Three
Sugar
http://healthland.time.com/2012/02/02/should-sugar-be-regulated-like-alcohol-and-tobacco/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/10/well/eat/sugary-drinks-linked-to-cancer-onset.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/22/well/eat/the-downside-of-having-a-sweet-tooth.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fwell
https://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/a28277408/giving-up-all-sugar/
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190905090929.htm
https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-release/ama-adopts-policy-reduce-consumption-sugar-sweetened-beverages
Sugar Addiction
https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/52/14/910
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/14/health/big-tobacco-kool-aid-sugar-obesity.html
Fat
High-fat diets affect your brain, not just your physical appearance
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190909121234.htm
Salt
Nutrition
Processed Foods
It's Not Just Salt, Sugar, Fat: Study Finds Ultra-Processed Foods Drive Weight Gain
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/05/16/723693839/its-not-just-salt-sugar-fat-study-finds-ultra-processed-foods-drive-weight-gain
https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/limit-junk-food-ads-contribute-childhood-obesity
Crazy Diets
Intermittent Fasting
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180520090903.htm
Vegan
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190916185819.htm
Addiction
https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/139/3/623/4670401
Exercise As Medicine
Mortality and Morbidity
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245025.php
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/244388.php
H.I.I.T.
Creating and maintaining an energy deficit reduces cancer risk:
http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21693419-active-life-protects-against-cancer-researchers-now-understand-why-run-day
Obesity
https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
The effects of exercise on fat storage:
https://www.medpagetoday.org/meetingcoverage/ada/40038?vpass=1
Elevated Temperature
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180521095606.htm
Societal Impact
http://cdn.missionreadiness.org/NATEE1109.pdf
Gain Muscle, Loose Fat
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/103/3/738
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160127132741.htm
https://www.google.com/search?q=gain+muscle+lose+fat+diet&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8
Abdominal Fat
Obesity
You can grow fat cells at any age and the fuller they become the better the body gets at making them:
http://www.scq.ubc.ca/america-and-adipocytes-why-liposuction-is-not-the-answer/
But once they're made, they almost never go away....
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature06902.html
Evolution
Human genetic change since the Paleolith:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/17/what-actual-caveman-dna-says-about-the-paleo-movement/
We did not evolve with shoes on our feet:
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/17/well/move/born-to-walk-barefoot.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fwell
The evolutionary reason why we are lazy:
https://slate.com/technology/2013/06/daniel-lieberman-long-distance-running-we-evolved-endurance-and-dislike-of-running.html
Ultrarunning:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jodi-weiss/what-i-have-learned-from-_5_b_8795088.html
No upper limits:
https://www.outsideonline.com/2358586/dont-worry-about-exercising-too-much
Documentaries
General Running Topics
The 2 things that have helped my plantar fasciitis, both backed by research:
tissue specific stretching:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882901
http://nesportandspine.com/sites/default/files/plantarfasciitisteachingsheet.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2egcYaV9MQgoYW64UBiRBGwlUnNEzocUA93w19tluq_B7SYDN_ea3Ymno
high load heel raises:
https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/15/heel-pain-treatment/?fbclid=IwAR2bek7-hZddcsvTLiA0q4XClJfFGjAQgUJYuJ-mGHbIive0-0w5MyEcBXg
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/sms.12313
Calories burned running and walking:
http://fellrnr.com/wiki/Calories_burned_running_and_walking
https://static.nytimes.com/email-content/RU_8032.html?nlid=56151896
Getting Old
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190909193211.htm
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190917193639.htm
Stress
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190909134912.htm